The MLX (MagLev eXperimental) series were developed by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) as part of the country's long-term vision for ultra-fast rail travel. Evolving from earlier prototypes, the MLX01 series, introduced in the late 1990s, was designed to test and refine superconducting maglev (SCMAGLEV) technology.

Unlike German maglev systems that use electromagnetic suspension (EMS), the MLX uses electrodynamic suspension (EDS). This allows the train to levitate about 10 cm above the guideway when traveling at high speeds, using superconducting magnets cooled with liquid helium. The system offers a stable, contactless ride with high speed and safety potential.

The MLX01 set multiple speed records during testing on the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line. In 2003, it reached 581 km/h (361 mph), and its successors, the L0 Series prototypes, later surpassed that. The aerodynamic, bullet-shaped design reduces drag, while linear motors embedded in the track provide propulsion and braking.

Interior design was focused on safety, comfort, and noise reduction. Though not built for commercial use, the MLX was instrumental in proving the viability of SCMAGLEV for passenger transport.

The MLX program laid the groundwork for the Chūō Shinkansen project—a commercial SCMAGLEV line currently under construction between Tokyo and Nagoya, expected to begin operations in the late 2020s. The MLX represents Japan's pioneering role in pushing the boundaries of high-speed rail through advanced maglev technology.